Bibliografi hlm. 201-208.
Bibliografi hlm. 289-303.
There is always suspicious view from Moslem intellectual to orientalist’s researches and studies on Islamic discourse. The former sees doubtfully that orientalist’s research on Islam is fully bias and politically tendentious. William G. Millward observed this Moslem’s suspicion within their books. Moreover, Iranian Moslem Intellectuals, according to Millward, tend to be apologetic and emo…
Festival of Maulid, birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, is one of Islamic popular events mostly held in pesantren. It was a heritage initially acknowledged by the Dinasty of Fatimiyah (909-1171 M). At the beginning, the Dinasty used the festival of Maulid to catch the fancy of Moslems to support their authority on Islamic leadership. Eventually, Moslem intellectuals started to scrutinize the fest…